The immune system is traditionally divided into innate and adaptive immunity, distinguished by specificity and memory. Innate immunity, present in all cellular organisms, offers a rapid, nonspecific ...

Where innate immunity stays agile and nonspecific so that it can catch everything, adaptive immunity is more fine-tuned and applies specific tactics to each unique threat. For example, it can tell the ...

We sometimes hear about the benefits of “boosting” our immune system, but what we really want to do is support our immune system on an ongoing basis. People often think of the immune system as ...

Our body is constantly surveilled by innate immune cells, ready to initiate host defense or repair responses. Upon recognizing molecular patterns associated with pathogens or damage, innate immune ...

Unlike transient innate immune activation, trained immunity is characterized by long-lasting but reversible functional reprogramming of monocytes, macrophages, natural killer (NK) cells, and ...

Dozens of new discoveries reveal that defenses evolved by bacteria and viruses billions of years ago still define our own innate immune system. Evolutionary arms races — where one species is pitted ...

Antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) remains the leading immunological cause of kidney allograft loss, yet its humoral origins are incompletely understood.